How do current transformers and voltage transformers work?

1. Current Transformer (CT)

Working Principle

The basic principle of a current transformer (CT) is electromagnetic induction. It converts a large primary current to a smaller secondary current through a closed iron core, making it suitable for measurement and protection.

1. Primary Winding: The primary winding usually has very few turns, sometimes just one turn, and is directly connected in series with the circuit being measured.

2. Core: The core is closed to concentrate the magnetic field.

3. Secondary Winding: The secondary winding has many more turns and is typically connected to measuring instruments or protective devices.

Mathematical Relationship

N1=I2⋅N2

Where:

• I1 is the primary current

• ${\mathrm{<br>}}_{}$I2 is the secondary current

• N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding

• N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding

Features

• High Precision: CTs provide high-precision current measurements.

• Isolation: CTs isolate the high-voltage circuit from measuring instruments, enhancing safety.

• Saturation Characteristics: CTs may saturate under overload conditions, leading to measurement errors.

2. Potential Transformer (PT) or Voltage Transformer (VT)

Working Principle

The basic principle of a potential transformer (PT) or voltage transformer (VT) is also electromagnetic induction. It converts a high primary voltage to a lower secondary voltage through a closed iron core, making it suitable for measurement and protection.

1. Primary Winding: The primary winding has many turns and is directly connected in parallel with the circuit being measured.

2. Core: The core is closed to concentrate the magnetic field.

3. Secondary Winding: The secondary winding has fewer turns and is typically connected to measuring instruments or protective devices.

Mathematical Relationship

V2/V1=N2/N1

Where:

• V1 is the primary voltage

• ${\mathrm{<br>}}_{}$V2 is the secondary voltage

• N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding

• N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding

Features

• High Precision: PTs provide high-precision voltage measurements.

• Isolation: PTs isolate the high-voltage circuit from measuring instruments, enhancing safety.

• Load Characteristics: The accuracy of PTs can be affected by changes in the secondary load, so it is important to select the appropriate load.

Detailed Explanation

Current Transformer (CT)

1. Structure

• Primary Winding: Usually one turn or a few turns, directly connected in series with the circuit being measured.

• Core: Closed iron core to concentrate the magnetic field.

• Secondary Winding: Many turns, connected to measuring instruments or protective devices.

2. Working Process

• When the primary current flows through the primary winding, it generates a magnetic field in the core.

• This magnetic field induces a current in the secondary winding.

• The secondary current is proportional to the primary current, with the ratio determined by the turns ratio.

3. Applications

• Measurement: Used with ammeters, wattmeters, etc., for current measurement.

• Protection: Used with relay protection devices, such as overcurrent protection and differential protection.

Potential Transformer (PT)

1. Structure

• Primary Winding: Many turns, directly connected in parallel with the circuit being measured.

• Core: Closed iron core to concentrate the magnetic field.

• Secondary Winding: Fewer turns, connected to measuring instruments or protective devices.

2. Working Process

• When the primary voltage is applied to the primary winding, it generates a magnetic field in the core.

• This magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary winding.

• The secondary voltage is proportional to the primary voltage, with the ratio determined by the turns ratio.

3. Applications

• Measurement: Used with voltmeters, wattmeters, etc., for voltage measurement.

• Protection: Used with relay protection devices, such as overvoltage protection and zero-sequence voltage protection.

Precautions

• Load Matching: The secondary load of CTs and PTs should match the rated load of the transformers to ensure measurement accuracy.

• Short Circuit and Open Circuit: The secondary side of a CT should not be open-circuited, as it can produce high voltages; the secondary side of a PT should not be short-circuited, as it can produce large currents.

• Protective Measures: Appropriate protective measures, such as fuses and surge protectors, should be taken when using transformers to prevent overloads and faults.

By understanding the working principles and roles of current transformers and potential transformers, one can appreciate their importance in electrical systems. I hope this information is helpful! If you have any specific questions or need further explanation, please feel free to ask.