Dielectric Gases
Dielectric materials are basically basic and pure electrical insulators. By applying a sensible electrical field, the dielectric gases can be polarised. Vacuum, Solids, Liquids and Gases can be a dielectric material. A dielectric gas is also called as an insulating gas. It is a dielectric material in gaseous state which can prevent electrical discharge. Dry air, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) etc are the examples of gaseous dielectric materials.
Gaseous dielectrics are not practically free of electrically charged particles. When a peripheral electric field is applied to a gas, the free electrons are formed. These free electrons are accelerated from cathode to anode by the electric pressure applying a force on them.
When these electrons achieve adequate energy to bang off the electrons of the gas atoms or molecules and after that, the electrons are not involved by the molecules, and then the electron concentration will begin to build up exponentially. As a result, breakdown occurs. A few gases such as SF6 are strongly attached (the electrons are powerfully attached to the molecule), some are weakly attached for e.g., oxygen and some are not at all attached for e.g. N2. Examples of dielectric gases are Ammonia, Air, Carbon dioxide, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen etc. The moisture content in dielectric gases may alter the properties to be a good dielectric.
Breakdown in Gases
Actually, it is the fall in resistance of the insulating gases. This will happen when the applied voltage increases than the breakdown voltage (dielectric strength). As a result of this, the gas will begin to conduct. That is, there will be a strong voltage rise in a small area in the gas. This area of strong voltage rise is the reason of partial ionisation of nearby gas and starts conduction. This is made intentionally in low pressure discharges (in an electrostatic precipitator or in fluorescent lights).
The Paschen’s law approximated the voltage which causes electrical breakdown (V = f(pd)). It is actually an equation which explains the breakdown voltage as the function of product of pressure and gap length. In that a curve is obtained, this is called Paschen’s curve. The Paschen’s curve for air and argon is represented in figure 1.
Here, as pressure is decreased, the breakdown voltage also reduced and then gradually increases which exceeds the original value. At standard pressure, the breakdown voltage reduces with the gap length up to a point.
When the gap length is reduced beyond that point, then the breakdown voltage start to increase and exceeds its original value. At high pressure and increased gap length condition, the breakdown voltage is more or less proportional to the product of the two. This is roughly proportional because of electrode effects (microscopic irregularity of electrodes may cause breakdown). The breakdown voltage of dielectric gases is also roughly proportional to density.
Breakdown Mechanism
The mechanism of breakdown will directly depend on the nature of the dielectric gases and the electrode polarity in which the breakdown begins. If breakdown begins at cathode, then the supply of initiatory electrons is by the electrode itself. Then the electrons will get accelerates, numerous electrons formation occurs and it results in breakdown. If breakdown begins at anode, then the supply of initiatory electrons is by the gas itself. For e.g. air and SF6 gas. A tiny sharp point in a gas may also be the reason of breakdown of gas gap. This happens as a result of step-by-step breakdown processes. Corona formation (i.e. corona discharge) can be related to this. It is actually a short energy release (discharge) and it results in feebly ionized gas channels. When the field is too high, one of these channels will conduct.
Properties of Dielectric Gases
The preferred properties of an excellent gaseous dielectric material are as follows
Utmost dielectric strength.
Fine heat transfer.
Incombustible.
Chemical idleness against the construction material used.
Inertness.
Environmentally non poisonous.
Small temperature of condensation.
High thermal constancy.
Acquirable at low cost
Application of Dielectric Gases
It is used in Transformer, Radar waveguides, Circuit Breakers, Switchgears, High Voltage Switching, Coolants. They are usually used in high voltage application.
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