What is the research on the intelligent monitoring system for the operating status of high-voltage disconnectors?

• Tropical Climate: Average humidity exceeding 85% in Java and Bali accelerates corrosion of switch components, while temperatures up to 38°C in Sumatra reduce insulation life.
• Natural Hazards: Monsoon rains (1,500–4,000 mm annual precipitation) and salt mist in coastal areas (e.g., Jakarta Bay) compromise IP66 seals, with non - compliant switches showing 30% higher failure rates (2024 PLN report).
• Grid Complexity: Remote installations in Papua and Sulawesi lack real - time monitoring, leading to average downtime of 72 hours for maintenance.

2.2 Technical Limitations of Traditional HVDs

• Manual Inspection Bottlenecks: Visual checks for contact wear and insulation damage in 145kV switches require physical presence, costing Indonesia's utilities $12 million annually in labor (2023 IEA report).
• Reactive Maintenance: Traditional HVDs rely on post - failure repairs, with 45% of 145kV switch outages in Indonesia attributed to delayed detection of contact resistance anomalies.

3. Architecture of the Intelligent Monitoring System
3.1 Sensor Network Design
3.1.1 Multi - Parameter Sensing

• Temperature Sensing: Install PT1000 sensors on 145kV switch contacts, with measurement ranges of - 50°C to 200°C (accuracy ±0.5°C) to detect overheating above 70°C (IEC 60694 threshold).
• Contact Resistance Monitoring: Use 100A low - resistance ohmmeters (resolution 1μΩ) to track deviations from the baseline (<50μΩ for new contacts), as seen in Semarang's 2024 case where a 180μΩ reading preceded a switch failure.
• Vibration Analysis: Accelerometers (range ±50g, sensitivity 100mV/g) monitor mechanical stress on operating mechanisms, with thresholds set at 2.5 mm/s to alert of gear wear.

3.1.2 Environmental Sensors

• IP66 Integrity Checks: Moisture - resistant probes inside switch enclosures measure humidity >70% and temperature differentials >15°C, triggering alarms for potential seal degradation.
• Dust/Water Ingress Detection: Optical particle counters (0.3μm resolution) and capacitive water sensors ensure compliance with IP66's dust - tight and water jet protection standards.

3.2 Data Acquisition and Transmission

• Edge Computing Nodes: Industrial - grade gateways (IEC 61850 - compliant) process raw sensor data, reducing bandwidth usage by 60% through edge filtering (e.g., transmitting only >5% threshold deviations).
• Wireless Communication: In remote areas of Indonesia (e.g., Papua), LTE - M modules (3GPP Release 13) provide low - power, wide - area connectivity with 99.9% reliability, while urban substations use 5G for sub - 100ms latency control.

4. System Functionality and Innovations
4.1 Real - Time Health Assessment
4.1.1 Fault Prediction Models

• Machine Learning Algorithms: Random forest classifiers trained on 100,000+ historical data points from Indonesia's 145kV grid predict contact degradation with 92% accuracy. For example, a 2024 trial in Bali reduced unexpected outages by 75%.
• Thermal - Electrical Coupling Analysis: Finite element models simulate heat transfer in 145kV switches under load, identifying hotspots before they exceed IEC 60068 - 3 - 3's thermal endurance limits.

4.1.2 Visualization Dashboard

• GIS - Integrated Interface: Displays 145kV switch status across Indonesia's archipelago, with color - coded health indices (green/amber/red) and real - time weather overlays (e.g., monsoon tracking for Java).

4.2 Remote Control and Automation

• Smart Grid Integration: IMS interfaces with SCADA systems to automate isolation of faulty 145kV switches. In a 2023 test in Sumatra, the system detected a short - circuit fault and remotely opened the switch within 150ms, preventing a cascading outage.
• Mobile App Control: Field technicians use Android - based apps (compatible with IP66 - rated tablets) to override manual operations, with biometric authentication for security in Jakarta's critical substations.

5. Compliance and Validation
5.1 Environmental Testing

• IP66 Certification: The IMS enclosure undergoes ISO 16232 - 18 testing, withstanding 80 mbar water jets for 30 minutes and dust exposure (2kg/m³) for 8 hours, meeting IEC 60068 - 3 - 3's requirements for tropical climates.
• Temperature/Humidity Cycling: Chambers simulate Indonesia's daily 25–38°C temperature swings and 60–95% humidity variations, ensuring sensor accuracy over 10,000 cycles.

5.2 Field Trials in Indonesia

6. Economic and Technical Impacts
6.1 Cost - Benefit Analysis

• ROI Calculation: For a typical 145kV substation in Indonesia, the IMS (initial cost $250,000) delivers $1.2 million in savings over 5 years through:
  • 70% reduction in maintenance labor
  • 85% decrease in equipment replacement costs
  • 90% minimization of downtime losses

6.2 Technical Advancements

• Energy Harvesting: In Sulawesi's remote grids, solar - powered sensor nodes (efficiency 18%) eliminate the need for battery replacements, aligning with Indonesia's renewable energy goals.
• Cybersecurity: Blockchain - based data logging (Hyperledger Fabric) ensures tamper - proof maintenance records, compliant with PLN's 2024 cybersecurity mandate.

7. Future Developments

• AI - Driven Predictive Maintenance: Integrating deep learning for anomaly detection in 145kV switch vibrations, with trials planned in Java's 2025 smart grid initiative.
• 5G - Enhanced Control: Low - latency 5G networks (ITU - T G.8011.1) will enable real - time collaborative operations for 145kV switches across Indonesia's islands by 2026.