What are the validations of Ohm’s law?

Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering and physics that describes the relationship between the current flowing through a conductor, the voltage across the conductor, and the resistance of the conductor. The law is expressed mathematically as:

V=I×R

• V is the voltage across the conductor (measured in volts, V),

• I is the current flowing through the conductor (measured in amperes, A),

• R is the resistance of the conductor (measured in ohms, Ω).

While Ohm's Law is widely accepted and used, there are certain conditions under which its application may be limited or invalid. Here are the main validations and limitations of Ohm's Law:

Validations and Conditions Where Ohm's Law Applies

• Linear Resistive Elements:Ohm's Law applies to materials that exhibit linear behavior, meaning their resistance remains constant over a wide range of operating conditions. Examples include metals like copper and aluminum.

• Constant Temperature:The law holds true if the temperature of the conductor remains relatively constant. Changes in temperature can affect the resistance of a material, thus altering the relationship between voltage and current.

• Ideal Conditions:Under ideal conditions where there are no external influences such as magnetic fields or radiation, Ohm's Law provides accurate predictions.

Limitations and Conditions Where Ohm's Law Does Not Apply

• Non-linear Materials:Materials that exhibit non-linear behavior, such as semiconductors, do not follow Ohm's Law because their resistance changes with the applied voltage or current. For example, diodes have a very different relationship between voltage and current than what Ohm's Law would predict.

• Gas Discharges:In gas discharges, such as those found in neon lamps or fluorescent tubes, the current does not increase linearly with voltage due to ionization processes within the gas.

• Superconductors:Superconductors have zero resistance at very low temperatures and thus do not obey Ohm's Law since there is no voltage drop for any current value.

• Temperature Variations:Significant changes in temperature can alter the resistance of a material, making Ohm's Law less applicable unless corrected for temperature effects.

• High Frequency:At high frequencies, the presence of capacitive or inductive reactance can cause deviations from the simple relationship described by Ohm's Law.

• Chemical Reactions:In electrochemical cells, the current-voltage relationship is not always linear due to the chemical reactions involved.

Summary

Ohm's Law is a useful tool for analyzing the behavior of simple electrical circuits under certain conditions. It works well for linear resistive elements under stable temperatures and without significant external influences. 

However, it has limitations when dealing with non-linear materials, gas discharges, superconductors, temperature variations, high-frequency effects, and electrochemical processes. Understanding these limitations is crucial for applying Ohm's Law correctly and interpreting experimental results accurately.