Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is the Tellegen Theorem?Tellegen’s Theorem DefinitionTellegen’s theorem is defined as the principle that the sum of instantaneous powers in all branches of an electrical network is zero.Importance in Network AnalysisTellegen’s theorem is crucial for analyzing electrical networks by ensuring power balance.Conditions for ApplicationThe theorem applies to networks satisfying Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.ApplicabilityIt applies to various types of network elements, includ

What is a Current Divider ?Current Divider DefinitionA current divider is defined as a circuit where the input current splits among multiple parallel paths according to specific ratios determined by the components’ resistances.Formula ApplicationTo calculate the current through any branch in a parallel circuit, divide the total circuit current by the resistance of the branch, then multiply by the total resistance of the circuit.Current Divider Formula for RC Parallel CircuitCurrent Divider Rule

What is RMS Voltage?RMS Voltage DefinitionRMS voltage is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of the instantaneous voltages over a cycle, showing the equivalent constant DC voltage for the same power consumption.Calculation MethodsGraphicalAnalytical method From peak voltage (VP); From peak to peak voltage (VPP); From average voltage (VAVG);RMS Formula ApplicationThe RMS voltage can be calculated from peak voltage by multiplying the peak voltage by approximately 0.7071. This ill

What is Space Charge?Pace Charge DefinitionA space charge is defined as a collection of electric charges in a specific area, which may affect electrical properties like current flow and electric potential.Depletion Layer in SemiconductorsSpace charge effects at semiconductor junctions create a depletion layer that blocks further movement of charges, crucial in electronic device function.Impact on Thermionic ConvertersThe space charge effect reduces the efficiency of thermionic converters by nece

What is Open Circuit Voltage?Open Circuit Voltage DefinitionOpen circuit voltage is defined as the voltage between two terminals when no external load is connected, also known as Thevenin Voltage.No Current FlowIn an open circuit, no current flows because the circuit is not complete.Finding Open Circuit VoltageMeasure the voltage across the open terminals to determine the open circuit voltage.Solar Cells and BatteriesOpen circuit voltage in solar cells and batteries depends on factors like tempe

What is Electrical Polarity?Electrical Polarity DefinitionElectrical polarity is defined as the state of a body or system relative to another, indicating whether it has positive or negative polarity.Importance of PolarityPolarity is crucial for connecting devices like meters, machines, and batteries correctly.Current Flow DirectionIn a DC circuit, current flows in one direction—from negative to positive polarity—while in an AC circuit, current changes direction every half cycle.DC CircuitAC Circ

What is are Resistivity Laws?Resistivity DefinitionResistivity is defined as a material’s property that opposes the flow of electrical current.Factors Affecting ResistanceResistance depends on length, cross-sectional area, material nature, and temperature.Unit of ResistivityThe unit of resistivity is Ω-m in the MKS system and Ω-cm in the CGS system.First Law of ResistivityResistance increases with the length of the substance.Second Law of ResistivityResistance decreases with a larger cross-secti

What is a Microcontroller?Microcontroller DefinitionA microcontroller is an IC that processes commands from a PC via protocols like Serial, Ethernet, and CAN.Microcontroller Components Transistor Diode Resistors Relay LEDDigital OutputThe microcontroller’s digital output is a low-amperage signal, suitable for small loads like LEDs.Transistor FunctionThe transistor acts as a driver, providing the necessary current to the relay to control the circuit breaker.Working PrincipleThe microcontroller se

Cable Faults DefinitionCable faults are issues in electric cables that disrupt the flow of electricity, including short circuits, earth faults, and open circuits.Causes of Cable FaultsFaults can be caused by damaged insulation due to water, moisture, ageing, or improper handling.Fault Type There may be a short circuit between two conductors, There may be earth fault, i.e., fault between conductor and ground, There may be open circuit caused due to disconnection of the conductor.Detection Methods

What is a Glass Insulator?Suspension Insulator DefinitionSuspension insulators are generally made of insulating parts (such as porcelain parts, glass parts) and metal accessories (such as steel feet, iron caps, flanges, etc.) glued with adhesive or mechanical clamp. Insulators are widely used in power systems, generally belonging to external insulation and working under atmospheric conditions.Classification of suspension insulators Common type Disk type bell-jar triumbellifer Straw hat type