Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is Reflectance?Reflectance DefinitionReflectance is defined as the ratio of the radiant flux reflected from a surface to the incident radiant flux, and it is unitless.Types of Reflectance Specular (mirror-like) Diffuse (scattering)Reflectivity DefinitionReflectivity is the property of a material to reflect light or radiation and remains consistent regardless of the material’s thickness.Reflectance MeasurementReflectance can be measured relatively using a reference plate or absolutely by co

What is Electronic Polarization?Electronic Polarization DefinitionElectronic polarization is defined as the number of dipole moments per unit volume in a material, caused by the displacement of positive and negative charges in an atom.Effect of External Electric FieldWhen an external electric field is applied, the nucleus moves towards the negative field intensity, and the electron cloud moves towards the positive field intensity, causing charge separation.Dipole MomentThe dipole moment is the p

What are Dielectric Material ?Dielectric Material DefinitionA dielectric material is an electrical insulator that becomes polarized when exposed to an electric field, aligning its internal charges without conducting electricity.Properties Overview Dielectric constant Strength Loss—factors Capacitance ImpactDielectrics increase the capacitance of capacitors, enhancing energy storage capabilities in electronic circuits.Diverse TypesDielectric materials range from gases and liquids to solids, each

What is Superconductivity?Superconductivity DefinitionSuperconductivity is defined as the property of certain materials to have zero electrical resistance at very low temperatures.Critical TemperatureThe critical temperature is the specific temperature below which a material becomes superconducting.Properties of Superconductors Zero electric resistance (infinite conductivity) Meissner Effect: Expulsion of magnetic field Critical Temperature/transition temperature Critical Magnetic field Persiste

What is the Meissner Effect ?Meissner Effect DefinitionThe Meissner effect is defined as the expulsion of magnetic fields from a superconductor when it is cooled below its critical temperature.Discovery and ExperimentGerman physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered the Meissner effect in 1933 through experiments with tin and lead samples.Meissner StateThe Meissner state occurs when a superconductor expels external magnetic fields, creating a state with zero magnetic field insi

What is Magnetostriction?Magnetostriction DefinedMagnetostriction is the property of certain magnetic materials to change their shape or dimensions in response to an external magnetic field.Discovery and ResearchThe phenomenon was first noted by James Joule in 1842, establishing a foundational understanding of how magnetic fields affect materials.Key Influencing Factors The magnitude and direction of the applied magnetic field The saturation magnetizationof the material The magnetic anisotropy o

What is Faraday’s Law?Faraday’s Law DefinitionFaraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is defined as the principle that a changing magnetic field within an electric circuit produces an electromotive force.First LawFaraday’s first law states that any change in the magnetic environment of a coil induces an EMF, known as induced EMF, and, if the circuit is closed, induces current as well.Method to change the magnetic field: By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil By moving the coil into

What is Lenz's Law?Lenz’s Law DefinitionLenz’s Law is defined as the principle stating that the induced current in a conductor will flow in a direction such that the magnetic field it creates opposes the change in the magnetic field that produced it.Induction PrincipleIf the magnetic flux Ф linking a coil increases, the direction of current in the coil will be such that it will oppose the increase in flux and hence the induced current will produce its flux in a direction as shown below (using Fl

What is Gauss’s Theorem ?Gauss’s Theorem DefinitionGauss’s theorem states that the total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the net positive charge enclosed by that surface.Flux and ChargeThe flux from an electric charge depends on the quantity of the charge.Mathematical ExpressionGauss’s theorem is expressed mathematically using a surface integral involving flux density and the outward vector.Component FluxIf a charge is not at the center, the flux lines resolve into horizonta

What is Moore's Law ?Moore’s Law DefinitionMoore’s Law is defined as the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.Historical ImpactMoore’s Law has significantly driven the advancement of technology, affecting various devices and industries.Technological ContributionsInnovations like the transistor, integrated circuits, CMOS, and DRAM have enabled Moore’s Law.Current StateThe industry has shifted focus from Moore’s Law to developing