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Now consider an AC circuit with two voltage sources. Here, magnitude, polarity, and phase angle are used to find the equivalent voltage. Electrical Polarity in AC Voltages In the first figure, both sources have the same polarity. Hence, the equivalent voltage is the addition of both. But these are the polar form—First, we need to convert this polar form into a rectangular form. And it will be—Now, the equivalent voltage is the addition of each of the X-components and Y-components (i.e. )—Ag

A voltage source is a device that provides a constant or varying electric potential difference between its terminals. A current source is a device that provides a constant or varying electric current through its terminals. Both voltage and current sources are essential for powering various electrical circuits and devices.However, not all sources are the same. Depending on how they behave and interact with other circuit elements, sources can be classified into two main categories: independent and

What is the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance?The temperature coefficient of resistancemeasures changes in the electrical resistance of any substance per degree of temperature change.Let us take a conductor having a resistance of R0 at 0oC and Rt at toC, respectively.From the equation of resistance variation with temperature, we getThis αo is called the temperature coefficient of resistance of that substance at 0oC.From the above equation, it is clear that the change in electrical resistance

Joule’s Law:According to Joule’s Law, when a current flows in a conductor, the amount of heat generated is proportional to the current, resistance, and time in the current flowing.Joule’s law of Heating:The unit of Joules is used to measure the amount of heat generated by the movement of current in an electric wire. Following is a description of how Joule’s law is represented mathematically and explained.When the electrical resistance of the wire and the time the current is flowing are constant,

More than one electrical resistance can be connected either in series or in parallel in addition to that, more than two resistances can also be connected in combination of series and parallel both. Here we will discuss mainly about series and parallel combination.Resistances in SeriesSuppose you have three different types of resistors – R1, R2 and R3– and you connect them end to end as shown in the figure below, then it would be referred as resistances in series. In case of series connection, th

Resistivity or Coefficient of ResistanceResistivity or Coefficient of Resistance is a property of substance, due to which the substance offers opposition to the flow of current through it. Resistivity or Coefficient of Resistance of any substance can easily be calculated from the formula derived fromLaws of Resistance.Laws of ResistanceThe resistance of any substance depends on the following factors, Lengthof the substance. Cross sectional areaof the substance. Thenature of materialof the substa

What exactly is Biot Savart Law?The Biot Savart Law is a mathematical equation that describes the magnetic field produced by a constant electric current. It connects the magnetic field to the electric current’s size, direction, length, and proximity. Ampere’s circuital law and Gauss’ theoremare both consistent with the Biot-Savart law.The Biot-Savart law is essential to magnetostatics, having a similar function toCoulomb’s lawin electrostatics.Biot Savart Law Statement:According to the Biot-Sava

Ampere’s circuital law is a fundamental law in electromagnetism that relates the magnetic field around a conductor to the electric current flowing through the conductor. It is named after French scientist André-Marie Ampère, who developed the law in the early 19th century.Ampere’s circuital law Equation:Ampere’s circuital law can be expressed mathematically as:∮B⋅ds =µ0Iencwhere:∮B⋅ds – The integral of the magnetic field (B) around a closed path (ds)µ0 – The permeability of free space, a constan

In physics, Gauss’s Law is a fundamental relationship that connects the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field. It is a generalization of Coulomb’s Law, which describes the electric force between two-point charges. Gauss’s Law states that the flux of the electric field through any closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed within that surface.Gauss’s law Mathematical Expression:Mathematically, Gauss’s Law can be expressed as:∫E⋅dA = q/εwhere:E – The electric fielddA

Curie’s Law is a relationship in physics that describes the behavior of magnetic materials at different temperatures. It states that the magnetic moment per unit volume of a material is directly proportional to the temperature. The magnetic moment of a material is a measure of the strength of its magnetization.Curie’s Law Expression:Mathematically, Curie’s Law can be expressed as:M/V = C/Twhere:M – The magnetic moment per unit volumeV – The volume of the materialC – A constant of proportionality