Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is State Space Analysis?State Space Analysis DefinitionState space analysis of control systems is a method to analyze both simple and complex systems using a set of variables to describe their behavior over time.State Space EquationsLet us derive state space equations for the system which is linear and time invariant.Let us consider multiple inputs and multiple outputs system which has r inputs and m output.Where, r = u1, u2, u3 ……….. ur.And m = y1, y2 ……….. ym.Now we are taking n state var

Block Diagram DefinitionA block diagram is used to represent a control system in diagram form. In other words, the practical representation of a control system is its block diagram. Each element of the control system is represented with a block and the block is the symbolic representation of the transfer function of that element.It is not always convenient to derive a complex control system’s entire transfer function in a single function. It is easier to derive the transfer function of the contr

Transient Response of Control SystemAs the name suggests transient response of control system means changing so, this occurs mainly after two conditions and these two conditions are written as follows-Condition one : Just after switching ‘on’ the system that means at the time of application of an input signal to the system.Condition second : Just after any abnormal conditions. Abnormal conditions may include sudden change in the load, short circuiting etc.Steady State Response of Control SystemS

Signal Flow Graph DefinitionA signal flow graph simplifies control system diagrams by using nodes and branches instead of blocks and summing points.Rules for Drawing Signal Flow Graph The signal always travels along the branch towards the direction of indicated arrow in the branch. The output signal of the branch is the product of transmittance and input signal of that branch. Input signal at a node is summation of all the signals entering at that node. Signals propagate through all the branches

Digital Data DefinitionDigital data in control systems consists of discrete or sampled data that represents continuous signals in a digital format.Sampling ProcessSampling is the conversion of analog signals to digital signals using a sampler, which switches ON and OFF.The sampling process converts analog signals into digital signals using a switch, called a sampler, that turns ON and OFF. For an ideal sampler, the output pulse width is very small (almost zero). In discrete systems, Z transforma

What is Field Oriented Control?Field Oriented Control DefinedField oriented control is a sophisticated technique that manages AC induction motors by independently controlling torque and magnetic flux, similar to DC motors.Working Principle of Field Oriented ControlThe field oriented control consists of controlling the stator currents represented by a vector. This control is based on projections that transform a three phase time and speed dependent system into a two coordinate (d and q frame) tim

What is a First Order Control System?First Order Control System DefinitionA first order control system uses a simple type of differential equation to relate inputs and outputs, focusing on the first derivative of time only.The transfer function (input-output relationship) for this control system is defined as: K is the DC Gain (DC gain of the system ratio between the input signal and the steady-state value of output) T is the time constant of the system (the time constant is a measure of how qui

What is an Radiation Pyrometer?Radiation Pyrometer DefinitionA radiation pyrometer, a non-contact temperature sensor, measures temperature by detecting an object’s naturally emitted thermal radiation. The radiation depends on the object’s temperature and emissivity—the ability to emit heat compared to a perfect black body. Q is the thermal radiation ϵ is the emissivity of the body (0 < ϵ < 1) σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant T is the absolute temperature in KelvinRadiation Pyrometer Comp

What is Bimetallic Strip Thermometer?Bimetallic Strip Thermometer DefinitionA bimetallic strip thermometer is defined as a device using two bonded metal strips with different thermal expansion rates to measure temperature.Working PrincipleThe basic structure and principle of a bimetallic strip thermometer are shown in the figure below. The bimetallic strip consists of two metal strips with different coefficients of thermal expansion, such as steel and brass. The steel strip has a lower coefficie

What is an Watt Hour Meter?Watt-Hour Meter DefinitionA watt-hour meter is defined as a device that measures and records the electrical power passing through a circuit over a period of time.Tampering and SecurityA common tampering method involves attaching a magnet to the outside of old energy meters. Using capacitance and inductive loads can also reduce the rotor speed.The most modern meter can store up the previous value with time and date. So the tampering is avoided. Utilities install remote