Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

The primary purpose of these switches is identical to that of grounding switches in air - insulated substations and non - fault - initiating grounding switches in Gas - Insulated Switchgear (GIS).High - Speed Grounding Switches (HSGS) possess an additional feature: they can close an energized conductor, creating a short - circuit while sustaining minimal damage to either the switch itself or its enclosure. HSGS are utilized to ground various active components within a substation, including trans

Automatic Voltage RegulatorThe automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an essential device designed to regulate voltage levels. It takes fluctuating voltages and converts them into a stable, constant voltage. Voltage fluctuations primarily occur due to variations in the load on the supply system. Such voltage variations can be detrimental to the equipment within the power system, potentially causing malfunctions or even permanent damage.To control these voltage variations, voltage - control equipme

What is Valve Type Lightning Arrester?DefinitionA lightning arrester that comprises single or multiple gaps connected in series with a current - controlling element is referred to as a lightning arrester. The gap between the electrodes blocks the flow of current through the arrester, except when the voltage across the gap exceeds the critical gap flashover voltage. The valve - type arrester is also called a gap surge diverter or a silicon - carbide surge diverter with a series gap.Construction o

What is Overcurrent Relay?DefinitionAn overcurrent relay is defined as a relay that activates only when the current value exceeds the relay's set value. It safeguards the equipment in the power system from fault currents.Classification Based on Operation TimeBased on the time it takes to operate, the overcurrent relay can be categorized into the following types: Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Definite Time Overcurrent Relay Inverse Definite Time Overcurrent Relay

In most types of Gas - Insulated Switchgear (GIS), the Ultra - High - Frequency (UHF) energy is concentrated within the frequency range of 100 MHz to 2 GHz. The frequency response of the sensor is contingent upon its size, shape, and the connection method employed. Most sensors are, in themselves, resonant structures at UHF frequencies, and this characteristic can be exploited to enhance performance. Typical sensors are depicted in the figure.Internal sensors are typically installed in a recess

What is Static Relay ？Definition: A relay that has no moving parts is referred to as a static relay. In this type of relay, the output is generated by static components such as magnetic and electronic circuits. Even if a relay combines static elements with an electromagnetic relay, it is still called a static relay. This is because the static units are responsible for sensing the input and generating a response, while the electromagnetic relay is merely utilized for the switching operation.The c

The partitioning of a Gas - Insulated Switchgear (GIS) is significantly influenced by the service continuity requirements during maintenance, repair, and extension activities. Additionally, local health and safety regulations must be taken into account.GIS should be divided into compartments in a way that: During various operations that necessitate the de - energization of certain parts of the GIS, such as maintenance, repair, and extension, the compartments taken out of service adhere to the us

Rogowski coils offer highly accurate secondary outputs without the risk of saturation since they do not incorporate an iron core. The air - core design ensures linear measurement, although it generates only a relatively small voltage (1V as opposed to 100V). This characteristic enables a compact equipment layout and allows for easy integration into Gas - Insulated Switchgear (GIS) with minimal space requirements due to the absence of an iron core. Additionally, Rogowski coils exhibit high immuni

Oil Circuit BreakerAn oil circuit breaker is a type of circuit breaker that utilizes oil as a dielectric or insulating medium for arc extinction. In an oil circuit breaker, the breaker's contacts are designed to separate within an insulating oil. When a fault occurs in theelectrical system, the contacts of the circuit breaker open beneath the insulating oil, and an arc is generated between them. The heat of this arc causes the surrounding oil to vaporize. Oil circuit breakers are classified into

High - Speed Earth Switches (HSES) have two rated operating sequences: C–ti1–O C–ti1–O–ti2–C–ti1–Owhere: ti1 represents a time period that is longer than the time needed for secondary arc extinction and for the dielectric recovery of air insulation at the fault location. ti1 is determined by users while taking system stability into account. The recommended value of ti1 is 0.15 s. ti2 is the intermediate time specifie