Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

Operating Conditions in National Standard GB 6450-1986Ambient temperature: Maximum ambient temperature: +40°C Daily average maximum temperature: +30°C Annual average maximum temperature: +20°C Minimum temperature: -30°C (outdoor); -5°C (indoor) Horizontal axis: Product load; Vertical axis: Average coil temperature rise in Kelvin (note: not in Celsius).For Class H insulation products, the long-term temperature resistance of insulation materials is stipulated by the state as 180°C. However, the in

This report is based on the analysis of one-day power quality monitoring data of your company's distribution system. The data shows that there is significant three-phase current harmonic distortion in the system (with a high total harmonic distortion of current, THDi). In accordance with international standards (IEC/IEEE), harmonic currents at this level have posed substantial risks to the safe, reliable, and economical operation of the power supply transformer, mainly manifested in additional h

EnclosuresEnclosures can be categorized into indoor and outdoor types.For indoor applications, considering heat dissipation and maintenance needs, it is generally recommended not to install an enclosure if there is sufficient installation space. However, if required by the user, enclosures with multiple observation holes can be provided. Enclosures can also be painted in colors preferred by the user.The protection level of enclosures is typically IP20 or IP23: IP20 prevents the ingress of solid

Transformers are the "unsung heroes" of the modern world. These seemingly unremarkable devices, either hidden on utility poles or installed in substations, play an indispensable role in the power grid system—it is through them that electrical energy can be efficiently converted, transmitted, and utilized. Today, as humanity stands at the crossroads of an accelerating transformation in the energy landscape, recognizing the transformative potential of transformers and exploring how they will shape

IntroductionElectric transformers are the backbone of modern power distribution systems, silently enabling the reliable delivery of electricity to homes, businesses, and industries. As these critical assets age and the demand for uninterrupted power grows, the importance of diligent transformer maintenance has never been greater. This essay explores the essential role of transformer maintenance, highlighting the value of proactive care, the impact of advanced diagnostic technologies, and the tra

Transformer Operation PrincipleA transformer is an electrical device that operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another. It enables the adjustment of voltage levels within an alternating current (AC) system, either stepping up (increasing) or stepping down (decreasing) voltage while maintaining the same frequency.Working Principle:Basic ComponentsA transformer consists of two coils, known as windings—the "primary winding" connect

Transformer design is a complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors to ensure safe and efficient operation. In addition, compliance with international and local regulations is essential to guarantee that transformers meet safety and performance standards. Below are key factors to consider in transformer design and the relevant regulations to follow:Transformer Design Factors: Voltage and Frequency: Determine the input and output voltage levels and the operating frequency. The

Transformers are critical components in power systems, and various failure modes can affect their operation. Timely identification and resolution of these failure modes are essential to prevent costly downtime and ensure system reliability. Below are some common transformer failure modes, along with methods to identify and address them: Insulation FailureIdentification: Insulation failure leads to decreased insulation resistance, which can be detected through insulation resistance testing (megge

Oil Leakage at Welded JointsOil leakage at welded joints primarily stems from poor welding quality, such as incomplete or detached welds, and defects like pinholes and gas pores. Although oil-immersed transformers are initially coated with solder and paint during manufacturing, potentially masking these issues temporarily, the defects tend to surface during operation. Additionally, electromagnetic vibration can cause weld cracks, leading to oil leakage.To resolve such leaks, the first critical s

Transformers experience various types of losses during operation, primarily categorized into two main types: copper losses and iron losses.Copper LossesCopper losses, also known as I²R losses, are caused by the electrical resistance of the transformer windings—typically made of copper. As current flows through the windings, energy is dissipated in the form of heat. These losses are proportional to the square of the load current (I²R), meaning they increase significant